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        <h1 id="安装SFTP服务"><a href="#安装SFTP服务" class="headerlink" title="安装SFTP服务"></a>安装SFTP服务</h1><blockquote>
<p>sftp是Secure File Transfer Protocol的缩写，安全文件传送协议。可以为传输文件提供一种安全的网络的加密方法。<strong>sftp 与 ftp 有着几乎一样的语法和功能。</strong>SFTP 为 SSH的其中一部分，是一种传输档案至 Blogger 伺服器的安全方式。其实<strong>在SSH软件包中，已经包含了一个叫作SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol)的安全文件信息传输子系统</strong>。 <strong>SFTP本身没有单独的守护进程，它必须使用sshd守护进程（端口号默认是22）来完成相应的连接和答复操作，所以从某种意义上来说，SFTP并不像一个服务器程序，而更像是一个客户端程序。</strong>SFTP同样是使用加密传输认证信息和传输的数据，所以，使用SFTP是非常安全的。但是<strong>，由于这种传输方式使用了加密&#x2F;解密技术，所以传输效率比普通的FTP要低得多</strong>，如果您对网络安全性要求更高时，可以使用SFTP代替FTP。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ubuntu默认只安装openssh-client，需要手动安装openssh-server或者sftp-server。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo apt update</span><br><span class="line">sudo apt install openssh-server</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h1 id="目标"><a href="#目标" class="headerlink" title="目标"></a>目标</h1><p>在Ubuntu系统上开通sftp文件服务，允许某些用户上传及下载文件。</p>
<p>但是这些用户只能使用sftp传输文件，不能使用SSH终端访问服务器，并且sftp不能访问系统文件。</p>
<p>系统管理员则既能使用sftp传输文件，也能使用SSH远程管理服务器。</p>
<h1 id="操作步骤"><a href="#操作步骤" class="headerlink" title="操作步骤"></a>操作步骤</h1><h2 id="sftp用户、用户组的创建"><a href="#sftp用户、用户组的创建" class="headerlink" title="sftp用户、用户组的创建"></a>sftp用户、用户组的创建</h2><ul>
<li>添加sftp用户，创建 sftp 用户组</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo adduser alice</span><br><span class="line">sudo addgroup sftp-users</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将alice从所有其他用户组中移除并加入到sftp-users组，并且关闭其Shell访问</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#/bin/false也可以替换为/sbin/nologin，目的是不允许该用户登录到系统中</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo usermod -G sftp-users -s /bin/false alice</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<ul>
<li>创建sftp服务器的管理员身份，并且加入 ssh用户组（不限制他的shell操作权限）</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo adduser admin</span><br><span class="line">sudo addgroup ssh-users</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -a 表示以追加形式将 admin 加入 ssh-users </span></span><br><span class="line">sudo usermod -a -G ssh-users admin</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<h2 id="创建文件服务器目录"><a href="#创建文件服务器目录" class="headerlink" title="创建文件服务器目录"></a>创建文件服务器目录</h2><ul>
<li>创建服务器文件目录</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建监狱目录</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo <span class="built_in">mkdir</span> /home/sftp_root</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 普通用户能够写入的共享文件目录</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo <span class="built_in">mkdir</span> /home/sftp_root/shared</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 设置共享文件夹的拥有者为管理员、用户组为 sftp-users</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo <span class="built_in">chown</span> admin:sftp-users /home/sftp_root/shared</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 拥有者、sftp用户组的成员具有一切权限</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo <span class="built_in">chmod</span> 770 /home/sftp_root/shared</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<p>默认允许所有用户或者用户组登录，若仅允许指定用户或者用户组访问，按照以下格式配置。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 以空格间隔</span></span><br><span class="line">AllowUsers user1 user2 </span><br><span class="line">AllowGroups group1 group2 </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="权限配置"><a href="#权限配置" class="headerlink" title="权限配置"></a>权限配置</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在sshd_config文件的最后，添加以下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">AllowGroups ssh-users sftp-users</span><br><span class="line">Match Group sftp-users</span><br><span class="line">ChrootDirectory /home/sftp_root</span><br><span class="line">AllowTcpForwarding no</span><br><span class="line">X11Forwarding no</span><br><span class="line">ForceCommand internal-sftp</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这样配置的目的是：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>只允许ssh-uers及sftp-users通过SSH访问系统，其中ssh-uers用户组可以使用ssh，并且不受其他限制。</p>
<p>而SFTP用户组仅能使用SFTP进行访问，且不能使用shell</p>
</li>
<li><p>针对sftp-users用户，额外增加一些设置：将“&#x2F;home&#x2F;sftp_root”设置为该组用户的系统根目录（因此它们将不能访问该目录之外的其他系统文件;</p>
</li>
<li><p>禁止TCP Forwarding和X11 Forwarding</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>另外需要注意的是：<strong>ChrootDirectory的权限问题，你设定的目录必须是root用户所有</strong>，否则就会出现问题。所以请确保sftp用户根目录的所有人是root, 权限是 750 或者 755。</p>
<p>需要注意的一点的是，现在所有需要远程连接的用户都必须加入 ssh-users 才行。</p>
<p>如将用户 songyangji 加入 ，这样ta就可以使用ssh连接本机。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo usermod -a -G ssh-users songyangji</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li><strong>限制ssh连接的访问IP</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>仍然是</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Authentication:</span></span><br><span class="line">AllowUsers root@10.10.10.*        <span class="comment">#限制root用户只能通过10.10.10.*网段登录访问</span></span><br><span class="line">AllowUsers charles@10.10.10.*        <span class="comment">#限制charles用户只能通过10.10.10.*网段登录访问</span></span><br><span class="line">AllowUsers john@10.10.10.*</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<h1 id="重启SSH"><a href="#重启SSH" class="headerlink" title="重启SSH"></a>重启SSH</h1><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 亦可</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># /etc/init.d/ssh restart</span></span><br><span class="line">service ssh restart</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>





<blockquote>
<p>参考博客</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/6b588a712513">搭建sftp服务器</a></p>
</blockquote>

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